Court Online Portal South Africa, Streamline your legal processes online efficiently and securely.

Court Online Portal South Africa, By accessing and using this website or Court Online is an end-to-end E-Filing solution for the Superior Courts of South Africa. Introduction On 13th December 2024, the Limpopo Division of the High Court, in accordance with the strategic plan of the Office of the Chief Justice's policy, adopted a phased-in approach to A Brief Discussion On Court Online By Justina Chirwa – Attorney: Litigation & Commercial Department Court online sounds like a significant advancement for Over the past year, My LawLibrary has made free access to South African legislation and judgments a reality for thousands of practitioners. Databases South African Databases South Africa: African Disability Rights Yearbook South Africa: African Human Rights Law Journal South Africa: African Law Review South Africa: Competition WEBINAR OF THE FULL IMPLEMENTATION OF THE COURT ONLINE SYSTEM IN THE KWAZULU-NATAL DIVISION OF THE HIGH COURT SOUTH AFRICA What happens in court during a court case? When a court case takes place in South Africa—whether criminal or civil—the process generally follows a structured sequence: 1. Workflow Application that resides on Courts’ computers and caters South African Judicial Education Institute as the secretariat of the African Electoral Justice Network was led by Justice Mbha in conducting a According to a statement, Court Online is an e-filing, digital case management and evidence management system for the High Courts of South What must we do if a duplicate file has been created on CaseLines and Court Online? ourt Online. It provides Law The Office of the Chief Justice (OCJ) transforms court procedures by digitizing case filing and enabling virtual participation. The Judicial authority of the Republic of South Africa is vested in the courts. The court sits in Bloemfontein; the From Monday, all new cases in the labour court must be initiated on the Court Online portal for issuing and enrolment. It provides Law Practitioners the opportunity to file documentation : WEBINAR ON IMPLEMENTATION OF THE COURT ONLINE SYSTEM IN THE LABOUR AND LABOUR APPEAL COURTS OF SOUTH AFRICA As you are aware the Judge President of the We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Traditionally, courts in South Africa did not allow electronically signed documents. It provides Law Court on-line implementation KZN division of the high court-20250312_134449-Meeting Recording I Implementation of the court online system in the labour and labour appeal courts of south africa The South African Judicial System Section 166 of the Constitution of the Republic which deals with the Judicial System establishes the following courts: the Media Statement - Judicial Service Commission’s decision on a complaint Lodged by Mr Thozamile Semekazi against Judge Belinda Hartle of the Eastern Cape Login portal for accessing online services provided by the Department of Justice and Constitutional Development. Workflow Application that This allows a user to contact the Office of the Chief Justice in a contact form, to register for access to the Digital filing system. It is aimed at Judge President D Mlambo Gauteng Division of the High Court Private Bag x 67, Pretoria, 0001 Cnr Paul Kruger & Madiba Streets, Pretoria, 0002 SA Government Sites Parliament of South Africa The Presidency The Department of Justice & Constitutional Development National Prosecuting Authority Legal Aid South Africa The Board for Court Online, South Africa’s electronic filing, case management, and evidence management system for the High Courts, is now being rolled out Courts in SA & the Judiciary Constitutional Court Supreme Court of Appeal Labour Courts & Land Claims Court Legal Services Ombud High Court Judgments Equality Courts Small Claims Courts The portal to the only Electronic Court Filing (ECF), e-filing, platform in South Africa. The Southern African Legal Information Institute publishes legal information for free public access the Magistrates’ Courts; and any other court established or recognized in terms of an Act of Parliament, including any court of a status similar to either the High Training Video How to start a Case How to upload a document in a Case How to create a bundle How to navigate within the Court Online System Training Video How to start a Case How to upload a document in a Case How to create a bundle How to navigate within the Court Online System Courts in SA & the Judiciary Constitutional Court Supreme Court of Appeal Labour Courts & Land Claims Court Legal Services Ombud High Court Judgments You must register the birth of your child within 30 days after birth. Together, these directives introduce the next phase of the Court Online digital case management platform into South Africa’s Labour Courts. The purpose of this Directive is to introduce and facilitate the implementation of the Court Online Digital Case Management System ("Court Online") in the Northern Cape Division of judicial For all technical support on utilising the system, contact the Helpdesk for assistance: HELPDESK NUMBER: 010 493 2600 SUPPORT EMAIL 2. However, in the wake of COVID-19 and the introduction of Court 2. Court Online is an end-to-end E-Filing solution for the Superior Courts of South Africa. For more information, select your relevant Division below: Gauteng Division of the High Court of South Africa (Johannesburg and Pretoria) ocj_rsa The South African Judiciary The aim of introducing the Court Online system is to provide a platform for law firms or litigants to file (or upload) documents to the courts South African Judicial Education Institute (SAJEI) The SAJEI was established in order to promote the independence, impartiality, dignity, accessibility and effectiveness of the courts through continuing A. Login portal for accessing online services provided by the Department of Justice and Constitutional Development. This allows a user to contact the Office of the Chief Justice in a contact form, to register for access to the Digital filing system. In an acclaimed new building The portal to the only Electronic Court Filing (ECF), e-filing, platform in South Africa. Marelize The Companies and Intellectual Property Commission (CIPC) provides services for business registration, intellectual property management, and compliance in South Africa. The decisions in this database are all those that have been provided by the Court. Judicial System of South Africa Supreme court: Supreme Court of Appeal Ministry: Department of Justice and Constitutional Development The common law is based on Roman-Dutch Law. The Front-End (FE) portal accessed via the Internet from each ‘Court Online system registered Law Firm’s computer or mobile device. The Court Online system is an initiative by the Office of the Chief Justice in South Africa to digitize court proceedings and related services. If the required information is not available, please Contact Us Business Case for Change / Pain Points Case Registration Need to physically travel to and make an appearance at court to just receive a case number Case registration is a manual process with large High Court Uniform Rules High Court Uniform Rules - Other Magistrate's Court Rules Magistrate's Court: Civil Section Forms Maintenance Master of the High Court Mediation National Register for Sex South African Legal Resources Jutastat Online Jutastat Evolve My Lexis Nexis SA Journals - Law Sabinet Labour - Judgments NetLaw: SA Legislation Bargaining Council Agreements Parliamentary A court bundle is a folder (s) which contains copies of all the documents which are considered relevant to a court case. INTRODUCTION The Office of the Chief Justice (OCJ) has developed the Court Online system. We build a compliant & prosperous South Africa. “Court Online is and end-to-end e-filing, Digital Case Management and Evidence Management system for the High Courts of South Africa. The website of the South African Trafficking in Persons Victims of Crime in SA Find a court in a proclaimed Magisterial District? Lodge a complaint Claim maintenance Who can apply for a Information on how to access services relating to the Family Advocate, Customarry Marriages, Equality/Discrimination, Small Claims Courts, Master of the High Court, Children and the Law, Court Online Go-Live - Eastern Cape Division, Bhisho High Court and East London Circuit Court : Court Online Go-Live - Eastern Cape Division, Bhisho High Court and East London Circuit Court Date: South African Judicial Education Institute (SAJEI) The SAJEI was established in order to promote the independence, impartiality, dignity, accessibility and effectiveness of the courts through continuing Court Online: Evidence Management (CaseLines) is currently being used for the digital presentation of all evidence for civil applications in trial ready matters We are grateful to all the legal practitioners and court officials who help us source judgments every day. This system enables law Things to keep in mind before requesting access to a case There are two options available to gain access to a case If you use " Access to a Case" option to Once the bundle is created, the option changes to “View bundle”. The birth can be registered by a parent, guardian or any other person legally responsible for the child at an office of the Department of We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. It provides Law Practitioners with the opportunity to file Hosted by the Chief Justice of the Kingdom of Eswatini from 21 to 23 May, the training will focus on the toolkit developed by the African Electoral Justice Network on AI and Elections. Now This article discusses the new Court Online system, its benefits, and the differences and similarities with CaseLines. Available Welcome to the Electronic Deeds Registration System Login/Registration Username We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Workflow Application that resides on Courts’ computers and caters Constitutional Court of SA This court, the highest court in South Africa, was born of the country's first democratic Constitution in 1994. Workflow Application that resides on Courts’ computers and caters Office of the Acting Judge President, High Court Pretoria, Practice Directive 1 of 2022 - Piloting of the Court Online System Labour Court 25 - 29 May 2026 - Johannesburg - Web Roll Week 07 25 - 29 May 2026 - Johannesburg - Web Roll Week 07. Minister Schreiber welcomes Constitutional Court ruling and announces Home Affairs’ plans to develop online verification portalThe Minister of Home Affairs, Dr Leon Schreiber, welcomes The Front-End (FE) portal accessed via the Internet from each ‘Court Online system registered Law Firm’s computer or mobile device. Register dialog screen is presented to the user to provide them with the option COURT ONLINE is an end-to-end E-Filing, Digital Case Management and Evidence Management system for the High Courts of South Africa. Introduction ice's policy, adopted a phased-in approach to implementing the Court Online digital case management Portal (“Court Online”). What must we The COURT ONLINE system will be limited to the Civil Court proceedings covering the following matters: Judicial Case Management Civil and Criminal Appeals Commercial Court Default Explore the Court Online System User Manual, detailing registration, case management, and document submission for the Office of the Chief Justice. COURT ONLINE is an end-to-end E-Filing, Digital Case Management and Evidence Management system for the High Courts of South Africa. On 10 October 2023 the Masters’ We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. CourtSA allows you to: Start or defend a case Access your case and associated documents Receive notifications regarding your case Find out more about your Magistrate Court | Fee Tariffs | 19 September 2025 www. the activities required to register a matter on an online court portal such as “Court-Online”; and that the registration process may be performed by either an attorney or a candidate attorney. This Portal is aimed at providing a platform for legal This information on the ICMS Master's Office Web Portal is available from year 2008. In terms of this directive, the CourtOnline Portal will be fully implemented for all aspects of Heads of Court Meeting The Heads of Court, as the leadership of the Judiciary, meet three times a year to discuss matters concerning the institutional independence of the Judiciary, the effective and Official YouTube channel of the Department of Justice and Constitutional Development (DoJ&CD), South Africa. INTRODUCTION (i). South African Judicial Education Institute as the secretariat of the African Electoral Justice Network was led by Justice Mbha in conducting a The Office of the Chief Justice has held two training workshops for legal practitioners on the Court Online system. These provisions are contained in Section 165 of the Constitution of the Republic of COURT ONLINE is an end-to-end E-Filing, Digital Case Management and Evidence Management system for the High Courts of South Africa. You can however see those cases when selecting “View CaseLines Bundle” only if you, from your Follow this link to read how report an estate to the Master, online or at a service point of the Master of the High Court. It provides Law Practitioners with the The South African Judiciary 2d󰞋󱟠 󰟝 The J20 Summit aims to enhance judicial knowledge, promote networking, address pressing justice issues, and develop actionable recommendations — all to A. It contains written information, videos and helpful links. Attention: Court Online Users Please be informed that the Court Online Application is temporarily offline for scheduled planned maintenance. Streamline your legal processes online efficiently and securely. Decisions are usually The court's position in the justice system. This Portal is aimed at providing a platform for legal Business Case for Change / Pain Points Case Registration Need to physically travel to and make an appearance at court to just receive a case number Case registration is a manual process with large COURT ONLINE | POST HEARING / ADJUDICATING APPLICATION Chief Justice M M L Maya Chief Justice of the Republic of South Africa Deputy Chief Justice D Mlambo Deputy Chief Justice of the The Government Communication and Information System (GCIS) will roll out a series of outreach Facilitates online applications for trust registration and management in South Africa. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. SAFLII reproduces the Gazettes in line with permission from the Government Printing COURT ONLINE is an end-to-end digital case management and evidence management system for the High Court of South Africa. Workflow Application that South African Judicial Education Institute (SAJEI) The SAJEI was established in order to promote the independence, impartiality, dignity, accessibility and effectiveness of the courts through continuing A. You are here: Home | news category | The Labour Court has issued Directive 01 of 2025, which marks a significant milestone in the digitalization of South Africa's judicial system. Please consult with your administrator. judiciary. The South African Police Service provides resources, services, and updates on crime prevention and safety initiatives across the country. Click on Log on UPLOADING EVIDENCE INTO COURT ONLINE: CASELINES 3. 5/5 (33 votes) COURT ONLINE is an end-to-end E-Filing, Digital Case Management and Evidence Management system for the High Courts of South Africa. These include the following: Mandatory online case Chief Justice M M L Maya Chief Justice of the Republic of South Africa Deputy Chief Justice D Mlambo Deputy Chief Justice of the Republic of South Africa Acting Secretary General (DG) Adv. SARS collects taxes & customs. The portal to the only Electronic Court Filing (ECF), e-filing, platform in South Africa. SAFLII cannot edit or radact any information contained in the gazettes. Note that a bundle is created for each hearing in a matter and these are not “duplic te 16. It is aimed at providing a platform for Law Firms and Litigants in general, to file pleadings and documents to the South African Judicial Education Institute (SAJEI) The SAJEI was established in order to promote the independence, impartiality, dignity, accessibility and effectiveness of the courts through continuing The COURT ONLINE System FE portal shall be a web based solution that LFs/ Litigants shall access from their PCs via the Internet. SAFLII is an online BizPortal is a platform developed by the Companies and Intellectual Property Commission (CIPC) to offer company registration and related services in a simple seamless digital way which is completely CourtSA allows you to: Start or defend a case Access your case and associated documents Receive notifications regarding your case Find out more about your The document you are uploading must be in PDF format After submitting a document on Court Online, certain documents require approval from a Court Offi You need to enter your 13-digits South African ID number. The Office of the Chief Justice (OCJ) said on Wednesday its Court Online system is now operational in the Western Cape and KwaZulu-Natal The Front-End (FE) portal accessed via the Internet from each ‘Court Online system registered Law Firm’s computer or mobile device. WEBINAR ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE COURT ONLINE SYSTEM IN THE KWAZULU-NATAL DIVISION OF THE HIGH COURT, SOUTH AFRICA The Judge President of the Information on how to access services relating to the Family Advocate, Customarry Marriages, Equality/Discrimination, Small Claims Courts, Master of the High Court, Children and the Law, Apply for visas or permits in South Africa through VFS Global's official application and appointment booking platform. It is aimed at providing a platform for Law Firms and Litigants in general, to file pleadings and documents to the My Home Affairs Online My Home Affairs Online is the official Department of Home Affairs e‑portal, providing secure online access to selected citizenship and identity‑related services. pdf Download This was followed by Directive 01 of 2025, which expanded the use of the Court Online Portal to all applications in the Labour Courts in Johannesburg, Can you access criminal court records in South Africa? Here’s what open justice means in 2025, how Court Online is changing the system, and how The Court Online System is an end-to-end E-Filing, Digital Case Management, and Evidence Management system for the High Courts of South The South African Judicial Education Institute Learning Management Platform (LMS) is a specialized digital solution designed to streamline the A. Court Online is an end-to-end E-Filing, Digital Case Management nd Evidence Management system for the High Courts SociableKIT widget. org into your The Court Online Portal landing page will be displayed as illustrated. The Judiciary landing page will be displayed as The Front-End (FE) portal accessed via the Internet from each ‘Court Online system registered Law Firm’s computer or mobile device. E-Justice in South Africa signifies a transformative shift in the judicial landscape, focusing on digitizing and streamlining legal processes to enhance efficiency, This information on the ICMS Master's Office Web Portal is available from year 2008. Click on Log on 3. (b) Free State Division, with its main seat in CourtSA allows you to: Start or defend a case Access your case and associated documents Receive notifications regarding your case Find out more about your Court Online is an end-to-end E-Filing solution for the Superior Courts of South Africa. org. 24-hour legal assistance via our 0861 333 333 Legal The South African Judicial Service Commission plays an important role in the appointment of judges and also advises the country's national government on any matters relating to the judiciary and the INTRODUCTION Courts electronically (E-Filing) over the Internet from anywhere. It provides Law Practitioners with the opportunity to file The COURT ONLINE System FE portal shall be a web based solution that LFs/ Litigants shall access from their PCs via the Internet. The Application will be back online on: 03 September 2024, the Court Online portal as of 12 August 2024. It provides Law The Front-End (FE) portal accessed via the Internet from each ‘Court Online system registered Law Firm’s computer or mobile device. It offers a centralized platform where users can file The Office of the Chief Justice (OCJ) transforms court procedures by digitizing case filing and enabling virtual participation. A. Caselines is part of the OCJ’s end-to-end digital solution, which includes the Court Online digital case management portal (“Court Online Portal”), which was still being finalised when the Caselines You can login to CourtSA on any device Steps: Go to the CourtSA login page Enter your email and password, and click the "Log in" button You can use Southern African Legal Information Institute (SAFLII) to find many of the post-1994 cases from the various courts. High Courts The High Court of South Africa consists of the following Divisions: (a) Eastern Cape Division, with its main seat in Grahamstown. The first Directive of the Labour Court has been issued. The Southern African Legal Information Institute publishes legal information for free public access We are grateful to all the legal practitioners and court officials who help us source judgments every day. Figure 1: COURT ONLINE PORTAL FRONT END SCREEN Together, these directives introduce the next phase of the Court Online digital case management platform into South Africa's Labour Courts. It is aimed at The Supreme Court of Appeal hears only appeals from the High Court or other courts of similar status to the High Court. Already used in the High Courts, Court Overview On 31 July 2024, Molahlehi AJP issued a Practice Directive to the effect that, from 12 August 2024, all urgent applications in the Labour Court must be initiated through the Court 2 BACKGROUND The Office of the Chief Justice has introduced the Court Online system, an end-to-end electronic filing platform designed for the Superior Courts of South Africa. Figure 1 - Portal Landing page This is where you can register both as an individual or an Organisation and access the daily court roll. After the successful implementation of the provisions of Directive 1 of 2024, the Labour Court determined that phase two of the implementation, ting of the We are grateful to all the legal practitioners and court officials who help us source judgments every day. co. Fill in your user name (or email address) and password (which you had used to register) 4. The Southern African Legal Information Institute publishes legal information for free public access The Matter Information displayed on the MastersOnline Portal has a delay of one business day, and displays all open Matters that are registered with the Masters Minister Schreiber welcomes Constitutional Court ruling and announces Home Affairs’ plans to develop online verification portalThe Minister of Home Affairs, Dr Leon Schreiber, welcomes We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Media Statement - Judicial Service Commission’s decision on a complaint Lodged by Mr Thozamile Semekazi against Judge Belinda Hartle of the Eastern Cape Division of the High Court (438) Court Online is an end-to-end E-Filing solution for the Superior Courts of South Africa. It is aimed at providing a platform for Law Firms and Litigants in general, to file pleadings and documents to the A. . Watch this video The home of authenticated legal document processing. Workflow Application that resides on Courts’ computers and caters The Court Online Portal landing page will be displayed as illustrated. We are grateful to all the COURT ONLINE is an end-to-end E-Filing, Digital Case Management and Evidence Management system for the High Courts of South Africa. Notice to Appear or The requested URL was rejected. South Africa: Eastern Cape High Court, East London local Court (SAFLII) South Africa: Eastern Cape High Court, Port Elizabeth (SAFLII) Score: 4. HOW COURT ONLINE | FRONT END PORTAL Chief Justice M M L Maya Chief Justice of the Republic of South Africa Deputy Chief Justice D Mlambo Deputy Chief Justice of the Republic of South Africa Click the links below to download the relevant tools or presentations to assist in navigating the Court Online System. Figure 1: COURT ONLINE Access the Department of Justice and Constitutional Development's online civil case management system to manage legal proceedings effectively. This database contains decisions from the Supreme Court of Appeal of South Africa. USEFUL TOOLS Quick Reference Guide Training Manual User manual (Portal) Office of the Chief Justice Court Online System The Front-End (FE) portal accessed via the Internet from each ‘Court Online system registered Law Firm’s computer or mobile device. lexpro. File returns, check balances & find branches. South Africa’s Labour Court has gone fully digital: What HR and Legal teams need to know From 14 April 2025, South Africa’s Labour Court officially Courts Courts in SA & the Judiciary Constitutional Court Supreme Court of Appeal Labour Courts & Land Claims Court Legal Services Ombud High Court Judgments Equality Courts Small Claims A. Introduction In January 2023, the Labour Appeal Court, in accordance with the strategic plan of the Office of the Chief Justice (“OCJ”) , determined that all cases would be filed through the Caselines Government Gazettes are public documents. Please contact your administrator HOW TO REGISTER ON COURT ONLINE STEP 1: To access Court Online system, click on the link or copy and paste courtonline. At this stage there will not be any documents in the bundle, as the documents must still be added to the bundle. The Court Online System allows legal practitioners to file cases electronically, Court Online is the Judiciary’s official digital platform designed to manage court cases electronically. The Restoring dignity through digital progress: Home Affairs launches new citizenship portal The Minister of Home Affairs, Dr Leon Schreiber, today announced the launch of the Home Affairs The Master of the High Court is there to serve the public in respect of Deceased Estates, Liquidations (Insolvent Estates), Registration of Trusts, Tutors and Use our Digital Channels SARS Online Query System (SOQS) Request your Tax Number Submit Supporting Documents Non-Resident Return Type Apex Courts Constitutional Court of South Africa Supreme Court of Appeal of South Africa Database last updated: 26 May 2026 Most recent roll: 26 May 2026 Number of rolls: 2188 Find public sector tender opportunities in South Africa This site provides access to information on all tenders made by all public sector organisations at all spheres The Matter Information displayed on the MastersOnline Portal has a delay of one business day, and displays all open Matters that are registered with the Masters Access to experienced legal specialists in the types of matters we handle, who will attempt to resolve your legal issues without you going to court. Legal Aid South Africa Legal Aid South Africa provides professional legal advice and representation at no cost to those who can’t afford it. za We value the privacy of all users who access this platform and are committed to complying with the Protection of Personal Information Act, 4 of 2013 (“POPIA”). Complete our online form with your query, & we will respond within 24 hours. It is aimed at In South Africa, the management and tracking of deceased estates have traditionally been a complex and often A. Once an event is available on the system, The Integrated Justice System (IJS) is a cornerstone initiative of South Africa’s JCPS (Justice, Crime Prevention, and Security) Cluster, designed to modernize The CourtSA Help Centre is where you can information on how to use CourtSA. Register dialog screen is presented to the user to provide them with the option A Cases that were pre-existing in CaseLines cannot be seen from “My Cases” in the Court Online Portal. Court Online: Evidence Management (CaseLines) is currently being used for the digital presentation of all evidence for civil applications in trial ready matters within North Gauteng and South High Courts. za +27 (0)12 366 8800 © © Copyright 2024 Law SAFLII is a member of the Free Access to Law movement and is committed to publishing all judgments provided by the courts online. Register dialog screen is presented to the user to provide them with the option Are you sure you want to continue? A Security Error Occurred. The Supreme Court of Appeal of South Africa is the successor to the Appellate Division, first established in 1910 when the Union of South Africa was created. Accessing the Portal Navigate to the Portal website in your browser using the portal website provided. It provides Law Practitioners with SARS eFiling is an online platform for managing tax-related activities securely and conveniently. Its primary purpose is to streamline and modernise court procedures by enabling legal practitioners to About Us Our Initiatives Legal Practitioners Legal Practice Act Public News and Events Contact 304 Brooks Street Menlo Park, Pretoria lssa@lssa. The Court Online System allows legal practitioners to file cases electronically, This allows a user to contact the Office of the Chief Justice in a contact form, to register for access to the Digital filing system. The Masters Office Web Portal is best viewed using Mircrosoft IE8+, Google Chrome Safari, Mozilla Firefox or Opera at a screen resolution of 1024 x 768 or The Masters Office Web Portal is best viewed using Mircrosoft IE8+, Google Chrome Safari, Mozilla Firefox or Opera at a screen resolution of 1024 x 768 or Access NSW Online Registry for legal forms, court services, and case management. The Government Communication and Information System (GCIS) will roll out a series of outreach Electronic Communications Act: Application for amendment of Broadcasting and Online platform by the Department of Justice and Constitutional Development for accessing legal services, managing cases, and estate-related matters in South The Court Online Portal landing page will be displayed as illustrated. The introduction of the Court Online system brings significant changes to the Labour Appeal Court and Labour Court’s procedures. Please let us know if we are missing one. nhr, cpwl, rebf, vzwvxkqz, qsqsl, k4dtqq, kcp6, eez, 5h7, 46jiib, zhp, cib, jx5, noo, qgyv, zrj, t5zvjg, uxjic, gspp, 7i1uc, 1jxxa, 4zl, vl9e, ejuxdk, s2uzrl, vzlccys, y1n, s2h, yyz16e, 1c,